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Re: Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees
Hi Everyone:
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Soursop or graviola is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree native to Mexico, Cuba, Central America, the Caribbean, extreme southern Florida and the Florida Keys, and northern South America: Colombia, Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela. Soursop is also produced in sub-Saharan African countries that lie within the tropics. It fruit and juice of the fruit are strong medicine against some cancers.
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to www.jw.org].
Adaptation
The soursop is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters; temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures below 3 °C (37 °F) can be fatal. The fruit becomes dry and is no longer good for concentrate.
Cultivation and uses
The plant is grown as a commercial crop for its 20–30 cm (7.9–12 in) long, prickly, green fruit, which can have a mass of up to 15 lb (6.8 kg)[2], making it probably the second biggest annona after the junglesop.
Away from its native area, some limited production occurs as far north as southern Florida within USDA Zone 10; however, these are mostly garden plantings for local consumption. It is also grown in parts of Southeast Asia and abundant on the Island of Mauritius. The soursop will reportedly fruit as a container specimen, even in temperate climates, if protected from cool temperatures.
The flesh of the fruit consists of an edible, white pulp, some fiber, and a core of indigestible, black seeds. The species is the only member of its genus suitable for processing and preservation.[citation needed] The sweet pulp is used to make juice, as well as candies, sorbets, and ice cream flavorings.
In Mexico , Colombia and Harar (Ethiopia ), it is a common fruit, often used for dessert as the only ingredient, or as an agua fresca beverage; in Colombia, it is a fruit for juices, mixed with milk. Ice cream and fruit bars made of soursop are also very popular. The seeds are normally left in the preparation, and removed while consuming.
In Indonesia, dodol sirsak, a sweetmeat, is made by boiling soursop pulp in water and adding sugar until the mixture hardens. Soursop is also a common ingredient for making fresh fruit juices that are sold by street food vendors. In the Philippines, it is called guyabano, obviously derived from the Spanish guanabana, and is eaten ripe, or used to make juices, smoothies, or ice cream. Sometimes, they use the leaf in tenderizing meat. In Vietnam, this fruit is called mãng c?u Xiêm in the south, or mãng c?u in the north, and is used to make smoothies, or eaten as is. In Cambodia, this fruit is called tearb barung, literally "western custard-apple fruit." In Malaysia, it is known in Malay as durian belanda and in East Malaysia, specifically among the Dusun people of Sabah, it is locally known as lampun. Popularly, it is eaten raw when it ripens. Usually the fruits are taken from the tree when they mature and left to ripen in a dark corner, whereby they will be eaten when they are fully ripe. It has a white flower with a very pleasing scent, especially in the morning. While for people in Brunei Darussalam this fruit is popularly known as "Durian Salat", widely available and easily planted. [source - retrieved from on 12/05/2012]
Use Against Cancer
Graviola Tree and Paw Paw Treatments For Cancer
How It Works
These products come from trees in the tropical areas of South and North America. They kill cancer cells as a minimum, but may have other affects on cancer. Paw Paw is known to work by blocking ATP production and thus reduce the voltage of the cancer cell to the point it falls apart (apoptosis or programmed cell death). Because Paw Paw and graviola are cousins, I assume that is also the way graviola works. They are also known to build the immunity system.
Graviola Tree and Paw Paw Tree
This is one of those treatments for cancer that is fairly new, meaning it has only recently found its way onto the internet. Nevertheless, there have been a lot of scientific studies on these two products. At the current time most of the articles for Graviola and cancer come from a single source - the Health Sciences Institute (see the links below), though there are a growing number of independent articles.
I recommend graviola on the basis of several scientific articles, several testimonials, and several comments by practitioners (mostly from Brazil), however, Paw Paw is actually stronger than graviola at treating cancer. Paw Paw is the more potent of the two because of its more sophisticated and larger molecular structures. Graviola is sometimes called "Brazilian Paw Paw," which can cause some confusion.
Paw Paw is clearly more powerful than graviola when treating cancer, if the quality of the processing is comparable. However, I would take freshly cut graviola over bottled Paw Paw (but American's can't get freshly cut graviola). Graviola only has single ring compounds, while the Paw Paw's acetogenins have several double ring compounds (e.g. bullatacin) which makes Paw Paw much more powerful.
Paw Paw works (and I assume graviola as well) by slowing down or stopping the production of ATP. This in turn lowers the voltage of the cell. For normal cells, there is plenty of ATP, thus lowering the level of ATP has no effect on the cell. However, with cancer cells, due to the way they create energy (by fermentation), ATP is far more critical.
When the ATP level, and the energy of the cell level, drops to a critical level the cell falls apart. The residual pieces of the dead cancer cell are called "lysing" and I assume are similiar to other apoptosis (programmed cell death) killed cells. If that is the case, then part of the lysing is literally "eaten" by other cells (called: phagocytosed).
However, because the cancer cells in a cancer patient are frequently clusted together, a large amount of lysing can be created within a cancer patient such that high levels of clustered lysing cannot be eaten by surrounding cells. Such a situation is especially dangerous for lung cancer patients and brain cancer patients where a clustered amount of lysing can be very dangerous.
Here is some technical information on graviola:
* "The Annonaceous acetogenins discovered in graviola thus far include: annocatalin, annohexocin, annomonicin, annomontacin, annomuricatin A & B, annomuricin A thru E, annomutacin, annonacin, annonacinone, annopentocin A thru C, cis-annonacin, cis-corossolone, cohibin A thru D, corepoxylone, coronin, corossolin, corossolone, donhexocin, epomuricenin A & B, gigantetrocin, gigantetrocin A & B, gigantetrocinone, gigantetronenin, goniothalamicin, iso-annonacin, javoricin, montanacin, montecristin, muracin A thru G, muricapentocin, muricatalicin, muricatalin, muri-catenol, muricatetrocin A & B muricatin D, muricatocin A thru C muricin H, muricin I, muricoreacin, murihexocin 3, murihexocin A thru C, murihexol, murisolin, robustocin, rolliniastatin 1 & 2, saba-delin, solamin, uvariamicin I & IV, xylomaticin.
Graviola, like its cousin Paw Paw, is known to greatly enhace the effectiveness of another alternative cancer treatment - Protocel. However, generally it is recommended that Protocel not be taken with graviola or Paw Paw. There are exceptions, see my Protocel article for more information:
Protocel Article
Because of the similarity of Paw Paw and graviola to Protocel, there is no doubt in my mind that in order to maximize the effectiveness of these products, they should be taken in exactly the same way as Protocel. In other words, every 6 hours, EXACTLY - 24 hours a day.
I would strongly recommend studying the Protocel article linked to above for information that will help you take these products.
Paw Paw has been shown to kill multiple-drug resistant (MDR) cells, which result from someone taking chemotherapy. This is critical to understand because when a person on orthodox treatments comes out of remission into regression, a high percentage of their cancer cells are MDR cells. This would REQUIRE the use of Paw Paw to treat these patients.
Paw Paw is not toxic according to studies with beagles (dogs). It appears to be impossible to 'overdose', 32 capsules 4x/day were non toxic because it caused vomiting.
Paw Paw gravitates towards cells that use a lot of energy and then cuts off their energy supply. Since cancer cells use 10-17 times as much energy as a normal cell, Paw Paw acts on cancer cells. It is the same mechanism that made it so useful as a parasite cleanse and to kill hair lice.
It is also the reason that pregnant women should not take Paw Paw. Paw Paw could see some of the fast growing cells in the fetus as high energy cells. In addition, some of the cells in a fetus are very similar to cancer cells (i.e. the "trophoblastic" cells), so pregnant women should ALWAYS be careful what they take for cancer.
If no cancer, parasite, or other high energy users are available, Paw Paw may gravitate towards fast growing cells lining the digestive and intestinal system walls. This is why the main manufacturer, Nature's Sunshine, strongly cautions against long term use for non-cancer patients. Some people with cancer have reported digestion distress such as nausea. For this reason it is recommended to take Paw Paw with food.
Warnings For Both Products
In the past, it was thought that the effectiveness of Paw Paw, like Protocel, was damaged by taking antioxidants with Paw Paw. However, new research has shown that this is not the case. I quote from an email I received:
* "The head of NSP research, Dr. Bill Keller, provided Paw Paw with supporting products to a research oncologist and his laboratory to test with actual cultures. Several of Nature's Sunshine strong antioxidants were also provided. The research personnel concluded overwhelmingly that there was no negative prevention of Paw Paw action as a result of the antioxidants."
email to CancerTutor
Important Note: The above email is not the end of the story. Nature's Sunshine researchers are still looking into this issue because there are some antioxidants that DO increase ATP energy, which would conflict with the use of Paw Paw, graviola and Protocel. I will put the results of their research on this web site as soon as I get more information!!
Also, I do not know which antioxidants may conflict with graviola. If you buy graviola, check with the vendor for recommendations.
No one with Parkinsons Disease should take Paw Paw or graviola unless alkaloid-free preparations are used. There is also a possibility of allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
Supercharging This Treatment
Paw Paw is generally considered stronger than graviola. This does not mean that graviola should not be used. Cat's Claw and Ellagic Acid seem to be items that people like to combine with Graviola. However, if you take Cat's Claw make sure you take a product like Samento, which is a TOA-free Cat's Claw.
An alternative cancer treatment should be a complete treatment protocol. Do NOT forget to study the complete treatment protocol for Stage I, II and III cancer patients and the complete treatment protocol for Stage IV cancer patients:
Liquid Graviola
One company I know of, All-Vita NorthWest, produces a liquid extract and their URL is
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Re: Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees
Hi Everyone:
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Green Sapote, Pouteria Virde, sapote" is believed to have been derived from the Aztec "tzapotl", a general term applied to all soft, sweet fruits. It has long been utilized as a common name for Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn (syns. P. mammosa (L.) Cronquist, Lucuma mammosa Gaertn., Achradelpha mammosa Cook, Vitellaria mammosa Radlk., Calocarpum mammosum Pierre, C. sapota Merrill, Sideroxylon sapota Jacq.). Alternate vernacular names include sapota, zapote, zapote colorado, zapote mamey, lava-zapote, zapotillo, mamey sapote, mamee sapote, mamee zapote, mamey colorado, mamey rojo, mammee or mammee apple or red sapote. In El Salvador, it is known as zapote grande, in Colombia as zapote de carne; in Cuba, it is mamey, which tends to confuse it with Mammea americana L., a quite different fruit widely known by that name. The usual name in Panama is mamey de la tierra; in Haiti, sapotier jaune d'oeuf, or grand sapotillier; in Guadeloupe, sapote à creme; in Martinique, grosse sapote; in Jamaica, it is marmalade fruit or marmalade plum; in Nicaragua, it may be called guaicume; in Mexico, chachaas or chachalhaas or tezonzapote; in Malaya and the Philippines, chico-mamei, or chico-mamey.
The sapote belongs to the family Sapotaceae, the same family as the sapodilla (Manilkara zapota van Royen) which has also been called sapote, zapote, or zapote chico to distinguish it from the larger fruit. [source - retrieved from on 1/09/2013]
Here is what one person attempting to grow a Green Sapote has to say, “Me and everyone else that's tried to grow a green sapote 
. Don't panic it will grow new leaves this year but chances are it wont grow any height. My friend from Perth is the only guy I know that cured it, after several years of no upward growth he dumped huge amounts of fertiliser on the green sapote and it grew 10 foot taller in a season and then died 
So maybe dump half the amount of fertiliser he did on it and you will be ok .
That reminds me I have to go anf finish putting chicken manure on my garden, I got 12 40kg bags of the stuff a few days ago and only have 3 bags left but I will get more than half of my trees fed this year, which will be my best effort ever and I might even buy another 10 bags to finish the job. I'm starting to impress myself everytime I go for a walk among my trees now, its really starting to look like a garden, has tracks between the trees and everything ” by Jason on December 13, 2005 at 4:51 pm PST.
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to www.jw.org].
Unfortunately there is very little information on the Green Sapote in English, but here is some information in Spanish.
Zapote verde (Viene de Frutales)
Pouteria viridis Cronq
(syns. Calocarpum viride Pitt;. viridis Achradelpha O.F. Cook).
El zapote verde, se le llama Injerto, Injerto verde o raxtul en Guatemala; zapote injerto en Costa Rica; White faisan o red faisan en Belice. El árbol es erecto, llega a 40 o incluso 80 pies (12 a 24 m)de altura , sus ramas jóvenes son densamente peludas. Posee una gran cantidad de látex blanco y pegajoso. Las hojas están agrupadas en las puntas de las ramas florecidas e irregularmente alternadas a lo largo de las ramitas suplentes no fructificadas. Son oblongo-lanceoladas, puntiagudas, de 4 a 10 pulgadas (10-25 cm) de largo, 2 a 2 3/4 pulgadas (7.5 cm) de ancho, pilosas en el nervio medio superior y blanquecinas por debajo.
Las flores, nacen en grupos de 2 a 5 en las axilas de las hojas y se congregan a lo largo de las ramas sin hojas, son tubulares, de 5 lóbulos, rosadas o marfil y con pelos sedosos.
El fruto varía desde casi redondo a ovalado, agudo en el ápice y, a veces en la base, puede ser de 3 1/2 a 5 pulgadas (9 a 12.5 cm) de largo y de 2 1/2 a 3 pulgadas (6.25 a 7.5 cm) de grueso,
con la piel fina, de color verde oliva o verde-amarillo salpicado de rojo-marrón y se aferra con fuerza a la pulpa. La pulpa es de color rojizo, de textura fina, pastosa, bastante jugosa y dulce, de mejor sabor que el zapote. Puede tener 1 o 2 semillas de color marrón oscuro, brillantes, elípticas o aovadas de 2 pulgadas (5 cm) de largo, con un gran hilio mate gris en una superficie. El fruto se recoge aun duro y se almacena hasta que esté blando. La pulpa por lo general se come cruda sacándola con una cuchara de la piel, pero en Guatemala se hace de ella una conserva.
El árbol es nativo y común en la naturaleza en Guatemala y Honduras; más raro en Costa Rica y hacia el sur hasta Panamá, en alturas entre 3,000 y 7,000 pies (900-2,100 metros). Los frutos comunmente se comercializan.
En 1916, 50 semillas de la fruta de un mercado en Guatemala fueron traídas por el Departamento de Agricultura de EE.UU. Siembras experimentales se realizaron en California y Florida. Más semillas fueron enviados por el Dr. Wilson Popenoe del jardín experimental de Lancetilla en Tela, Honduras, en 1929. Siguieron otras introducciones. No quedaban sobrevivientes en California o Florida para el 1940. Árboles de 8 a 10 pies (2,4 a 3 m) de alto en el Agricultural Research and Education Center, Homestead, Florida, murieron por una inundación en 1948. Un investigador privado, William Whitman, obtuvo esquejes de Honduras en 1954 y los injertó en patrones de zapote. Otros injertos fueron hechos por un productor comercial de frutas y los primeros frutos se produjeron en 1961. Posteriormente, árboles injertados fueron puestos a la venta por el Vivero Brooks-Tower y diferentes plantas de semilla han sido distribuidos a productores privados.
El árbol parece florecer con poco cuidado en el suelos hammock ricos, pero necesita fertilización regular en la piedra caliza.
El escarabajo cubano se alimenta de las hojas. Las plántulas comienzan a producir frutos cuando tienen de 8 a 10 años de edad. La cosecha madura en otoño e invierno. [source - retrieved from on 1/09/2013]
A picture of the fruit can be seen at
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Your Friend in Christ Iris89
Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!
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Re: Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees
Hi Everyone:
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Grewia bicolor White Raisin Bush.
These trees or shrubs are often seen in groups along the edges of roads, river banks and dry rivers, growing in large uniform groups.
They are multi-stemmed and densely branched, forming a very irregular leafy canopy, and grow 2 - 5 m. The leaves are broad and hairy, the leaf tips being rounded or pointed, which helps with specific identification. They have yellow, star-like flowers. The fruit is berry-like and hard. The bark is dark grey, deeply fissured and peeling away in strips in old specimens.
Links with animals - The fruit of bushes are eaten by birds, especially hornbills, and also by baboon and monkey.
Human uses - The fruit is edible, the wood used for sticks and knobkieries and young branchlets are used to weave baskets.
Gardening - These small shrubs as are not really attractive or neat enough to be used in gardens.
Leaves - Simple and alternate, the form variable but the under-surface is always distinctly lighter and covered with velvety-grey hairs. The edges are smooth or slightly toothed. Leaf tips are round; leaves are held horizontally or drooping. (10 -32 x 15 - 70 mm)
Flowers - Yellow, star-like flowers are borne in the base of the leaves, October to December. (20 mm)
Fruit - Yellow, star-like fruit is hard and is normally one to two-lobed. It is reddish-brown when mature, December to April. (Each lobe 6 mm)
Stems - Square and fluted, especially the mature branches which have four distinct angles.
Best places to see the White Raisin Bush in Southern Africa:
The White Raisin Bush is found in the Kruger National Park in the Mixed Bushwillow Woodlands, Pretoriuskop Sourveld, Malelane Mountain Bushveld, Sabie Crocodile Thorn Thickets, Knob Thorn / Marula Savannah, Delagoa Thorn Thickets, Riverine Communities, Lebombo Mountain Bushveld, Olifants Rugged Veld, Stunted Knob Thorn Savannah, Mopane Scrubveld, Alluvial Plains, Tree Mopane Savannah & Mopane / Bushwillow Woodlands ecozones.
Tree species of Southern Africa >> Printable Tree List <<
South African Trees >> Printable Tree List <<
The Plant Kingdom (Plantae)
Wildlife - Fauna & Flora of Southern Africa (source - retrieved from on 3/18/2013)
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to www.jw.org].
Clickable images of this fruit and plant can be seen at,
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Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!
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Re: Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees
Hi Everyone:
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Leucaena leucocephala (= L. glauca) is
a tree legume native to the subhumid and humid tropics of Central America (5).
Its value as a high-quality protein forage in association with grasses is being investigated in tropical Latin America (2), Australia, Hawaii, and other countries (1).
A leaf spot incited by Camptomeris. [source - retrieved from an abstract on 1/09/2013]
Leucaena Sp., this is a large family of rare plants having many different forms. Here is the data on one member of this family of plants, Leucaena leucocephala and cactus (Opuntia sp.) were evaluated as forages for rabbits based on growth, feed utilization, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, and carcass traits. A total of 64 purebred Altex and New Zealand White weanling rabbits were fed for 42 d. Experimental diets were 100, 90, 80 or 70% commercial pellets with corresponding levels of 0, 10, 20 or 30% leucaena leaves (dry matter basis), fed either with or without cactus offered ad libitum.
Weekly growth response slopes varied by diet but not breed. Control rabbits (100% pellets fed ad libitum with and without cactus) had improved average daily gains by 9.0 g/d (P<0.01), reached 1,800 g minimum market weight earlier by 6.5 d (P<0.05), and had heavier 42-d final weights by 371 g (P<0.01) than rabbits fed leucaena with and without cactus. In general, cactus did not significantly influence any of the traits studied. Pellet and gross (pellet plus forage) feed intake performance in control versus forage-fed pens depended on whether cactus was included in the diets (P<0.05). However, independent of the cactus effect, conversion of gross feed to total gains was improved in control versus forage-fed pens (P<0.01). Rabbits fed 10% leucaena (with and without cactus) had higher pellet and gross feed intake levels (P<0.01), whereas no differences existed between 20 and 30% leucaena diets. Rabbits on the 20 and 30% leucaena with cactus diets numerically consumed the least quantity of pellets per unit of body gain. Control animals had 2.0% higher carcass (P<0.05), 0.85% lower GIT (P<0.01), and 0.14% lower stomach (P=0.07) weights as percentages of pre-slaughter weight than animals fed 30% leucaena with and without cactus. Carcass and GIT traits were similar between control animals fed only pellets and those fed pellets and cactus (P>0.05). Rabbits fed 30% leucaena with cactus had 2.7% higher carcass weight (P<0.05) and tended to have 1.0% higher pelt weight (P<0.10) compared to those fed 30% leucaena without cactus. Breeds were not different for growth, GIT and carcass traits (P>0.05). [source - retrieved from an abstract at on //2013]
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to www.jw.org].
This is so rare a plant that there is not much information on it, and that which is available is from abstracts from Doctorate and Masters Thesis which do not give much general information. They are limited to very specific items only.
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Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!
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Re: Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees
Hi Everyone:
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Guajilote, Parmentiera edulis DC it was reported at 20th century in Cuba only by Juan Tomás Roig Mesain his Dictionary of Cuban Botanical Common Names, with vulgar names Cuajilote and Ají de Cabaiguán. This paper, from Forestry Studies Centre (CEF) at the Pinar del Río University reveals that the species has revealed that is escape of the cultivation in several counties of the country, where people obtain shade, protection and fruits for domestic livestock, Until now, have not been planted for commercial range production. Research has demonstrated that cattle are disperser agent in grasslands. Seed benefits, nursery behaviour and plantations were realized at three different soils. The species was determined as promising for their fruits for daily forage. For these reason, the Forestry Studies Centre will continue research work on this species for introduction in intensive range livestock, at some different conditions of soils and climate in Cuba.
[source - retrieved from an abstract at on //2013]
Nombre científico: Parmentiera edulis., Familia: Bignoniaceae
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to www.jw.org].
This tree is very rare and no real information is available on it in English, but there is some information available on it in Spanish and here it is.
Historia: Uno de los árboles de frutas indígenas comestibles que se perdió en la oscuridad del olvido. Las crónicas coloniales mencionan a la fruta de este árbol como una de las verduras que se cultivaban en los patios o cercos de las casas, y que formaban parte de la dieta habitual de los costarricenses de hace muchos, muchos años.
Semejante al cacao, este fruto se puede comer crudo o cocinado de diferentes formas, su sabor recuerda mucho al del mango verde o cele, y es una muy rica fuente de hierro, proteínas y vitamina A. En un mundo con tantos millones de personas hambrientas, debemos hacer todos los esfuerzos posibles para rescatar de las tinieblas del olvido a todos los vegetales comestibles que podamos con carácter de urgente.
Descripción: Árbol de 4 a 12m de altura, de tronco grueso con corteza agrietada y hojas divididas con espinas. Sus flores salen del tronco o en los extremos de las ramas, y originan frutos alargados. Árbol pequeño, hasta de 5 m de alto y 36 cm. de diámetro, ramificándose a baja altura, robusto y de copa muy amplia; corteza externa lisa, rojiza con capas papiráceas desprendibles; corteza interna rojiza, grosor total de la corteza de 32 mm; hojas dispuestas en espiral, imparipinnadas, de 28 a 36 cm. de largo, compuestas por 6 a 7 pares de foliolos opuestos o alternos, de 4.5 a 7 cm. de largo por 3 a 3.5 cm. de ancho, obovados a ligeramente lanceolados, margen entero, ápice obtuso a mucronado, base obtusa a ligeramente atenuada: verde rojizos en el haz y verde claros en el envés; panículas de hasta 27 cm. de largo, flores hermafroditas y pequeñas, con corolas hasta de 2 mm de diámetro, pétalos de color amarillo-cremoso; drupas dispuestas en panículas hasta de 27 cm. de largo, aplanadas y brillantes, de un color dorado cuando maduras, elípticas de 8 a 10 mm; las semillas se encuentran rodeadas por una ligera resina.
Habita en clima cálido: semi-cálido y templado. Crece en huertos y está asociado con la selva tropical caducifolia y perennifolia; matorral xerófilo, bosque mesófilo de montaña, de encino y pino.
Usos tradicionales: Este árbol se utiliza como laxante y diurético en varias regiones del centro y sur del país, principalmente en el Estado de México, el Distrito Federal, Hidalgo y Puebla. Se recomienda, también, para tratar padecimientos de riñón y su tratamiento incluye al fruto, la corteza, las flores y la raíz, mismas que se hierven e ingieren como té. En otros casos como cálculos y vías urinarias, resulta eficaz moler el fruto e ingerir el extracto o asarlo y comerlo. Además la cocción de la flor, la raíz o el fruto, resulta un buen diurético. También se emplea para otras enfermedades como asma, garraspera, gripa y tos; se hierven las flores con tejocote y se endulzan para beberlo tibio en ayunas durante dos semanas.
Filoterapia: Recetas y posología (modo de empleo por litro o por miligramos): En casos como cálculos y vías urinarias, resulta eficaz moler el fruto e ingerir el extracto o asarlo y comerlo. Además la cocción de la flor, la raíz o el fruto, resulta un buen diurético. También se emplea para otras enfermedades como asma, garraspera, gripa y tos; se hierven las flores con tejocote y se endulzan para beberlo tibio en ayunas durante dos semanas. La resina tiene propiedades vomitivo-purgantes.
Tóxicos y cuidados: El exudado resinoso, conocido como "goma archipín" se emplea como pegamento. [source - retrieved from on 1/09/2013]
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Re: Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees
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Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Salacia is a genus of plants in the family Celastraceae. They are woody climbers naturally found in Sri Lanka and southern regions of India.
Several species in this genus of plant have been used in traditional medical systems for thousands of years,[vague] particularly in the Ayurvedic system from India.
The chemical constituents of root bark include polyphenols such as salacinol, kotalanol, and mangiferin. (source - retrieved from on 1/12/2013)
A picture of the fruit on one type of this tree can be seen at
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to www.jw.org].
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Re: Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees
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Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically Guarana (pron.: from the Portuguese guaraná [?wa???na]), Paullinia cupana, syn. P. crysan, P. sorbilis) is a climbing plant in the maple family, Sapindaceae, native to the Amazon basin and especially common in Brazil. Guarana features large leaves and clusters of flowers, and is best known for its fruit, which is about the size of a coffee bean. As a dietary supplement, guarana is an effective stimulant:[1] its seeds contain about twice the concentration of caffeine found in coffee beans (about 2–4.5% caffeine in guarana seeds compared to 1–2% for coffee beans).[2]
As with other plants producing caffeine, the high concentration of caffeine is a defensive toxin that repels herbivores from the berry and its seeds.[3]
The guarana fruit's colour ranges from brown to red and contains black seeds which are partly covered by white arils. The colour contrast when the fruit has been split open has been likened to eyeballs; this has formed the basis of a myth.[4] History and culture
The word guarana comes from the Guaraní word guara-ná, which has its origins in the Sateré-Maué word for the plant, warana,[5] that in Tupi-Guarani means "fruit like the eyes of the people"
It is also found in the rainforest of Amazon where the tribe Guarani has harvested it for centuries.
Guarana plays an important role in Tupi and Guaraní Paraguayan culture. According to a myth attributed to the Sateré-Maué tribe, guarana's domestication originated with a deity killing a beloved village child. To console the villagers, a more benevolent god plucked the left eye from the child and planted it in the forest, resulting in the wild variety of guarana. The god then plucked the right eye from the child and planted it in the village, giving rise to domesticated guarana.[6]
The Guaranís would make a tisane by shelling, washing and drying the seeds, followed by pounding them into a fine powder. The powder is kneaded into a dough and then shaped into cylinders. This product is known as guarana bread, which would be grated and then immersed into hot water along with sugar.[7]
This plant was introduced to European colonizers and to Europe in the 16th century by Oviedo, Hernández, Cobo and other Spaniard chroniclers. By 1958, guarana was commercialized.[7]
Composition
A partial list of the components of guarana seeds.[8][9]
Chemical component
Parts per million
Adenine
Ash
< 14,200
Caffeine
9,100–76,000
Catechutannic-acid
Choline
D-catechin
Fat
< 30,000
Guanine
Hypoxanthine
Mucilage
Protein
< 98,600
Resin
< 70,000
Saponin
Starch
50,000–60,000
Tannin
50,000–120,000
Theobromine
200–400
Theophylline
0–2,500
Timbonine
Xanthine
The table contains a partial listing of some of the chemicals found in guarana seeds,[8][9] although other parts of the plant may contain them as well in varying quantities.
According to the Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, guaranine is defined as only the caffeine chemical in guarana, it is identical to the caffeine chemical derived from other sources, for example coffee, tea, and maté. Guaranine, theine, and mateine are all synonyms for caffeine when the definitions of those words include none of the properties and chemicals of their host plants except the chemical caffeine.[10] Natural sources of caffeine contain widely varying mixtures of xanthine alkaloids other than caffeine, including the cardiac stimulants theophylline and theobromine and other substances such as polyphenols, which can form insoluble complexes with caffeine.[11] The main natural phenols found in guarana are
Guarana seed powder.
Guarana is used in sweetened or carbonated soft drinks and energy shots, an ingredient of tisanes or contained in capsules. Generally, South America obtains most of its caffeine from guarana.[13]
Brazil, which is the third-largest consumer of soft drinks in the world,[14] produces several soft drink brands from guarana extract. The Portuguese word guaraná is widely used in Brazil as a reference to soft drinks containing guarana extract.
Cognitive effects
As guarana is rich in caffeine, it is of interest for its potential effects on cognition. In rats, guarana increased memory retention and physical endurance when compared with a placebo.[15]
A 2007 human pilot study[16] assessed acute behavioral effects to four doses (37.5 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg and 300 mg) of guarana extract. Memory, alertness and mood were increased by the two lower doses, confirming previous results of cognitive improvement following 75 mg guarana.
Other uses and side effects
In the United States, guarana has received the designation of "generally recognized as safe" by the American Food and Drug Administration.[17]
Preliminary research has shown guarana may affect how quickly the body perceives itself to be full. One study showed an average 11.2-pound (5.1-kilogram) weight loss in a group taking a mixture of yerba mate, guarana, and damiana, compared to an average one-pound loss in a placebo group after 45 days.[18] Although inconclusive about specific effects due only to guarana, this study differs from another showing no effect on body weight of a formula containing guarana.[19]
Guarana extract reduced aggregation of rabbit platelets by up to 37 percent below control values and decreased platelet thromboxane formation from arachidonic acid by 78 percent below control values.[20] It is not known if such platelet action has any effect on the risk of heart attack or ischemic stroke.[21]
References
1. ^ Johannes, Laura (March 2, 2010). "Can a Caffeine-Packed Plant Give a Boost?". The Wall Street Journal. p. D3.
2. ^ Bempong DK, Houghton PJ, Steadman K (1993). "The xanthine content of guarana and its preparations". Int. J. Pharmacog. 31 (3): 175–81. doi:10.3109/13880209309082937. ISSN 0925-1618.
3. ^ Ashihara H, Sano H, Crozier A (February 2008). "Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: biosynthesis, catabolism, function and genetic engineering". Phytochemistry 69 (4): 841–56. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.029. PMID 18068204.
4. ^ Prance G, Nesbitt M, ed. (2004). Cultural History of Plants. New York: Routledge. p. 179.
5. ^ "guarana". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
6. ^ Beck HT (2004). "10 Caffeine, Alcohol, and Sweeteners". In Ghillean Prance; Mark Nesbitt. Cultural History of Plants. New York: Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-415-92746-8.
7. ^ a b Weinberg BA, Bealer BK (2001). The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge. pp. 259–60. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9.
8. ^ a b "Guarana". Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. 2007-09-18. OCLC 41920916. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
9. ^ a b Duke JA (1992). Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3672-0. OCLC 25874249.
10. ^ "Caffeine". Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
11. ^ Balentine D. A., Harbowy M. E. and Graham H. N. (1998). "Tea: the Plant and its Manufacture; Chemistry and Consumption of the Beverage". In G Spiller. Caffeine. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2647-9.
12. ^ Carlson M, Thompson RD (July–August 1998). "Liquid chromatographic determination of methylxanthines and catechins in herbal preparations containing guaraná". Journal of AOAC International 81 (4): 691–701. PMID 9680692.
13. ^ Weinberg BA, Bealer BK (2001). The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9.
14. ^ Weinberg BA, Bealer BK (2001). The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge. pp. 192–3. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9.
15. ^ Espinola EB, Dias RF, Mattei R, Carlini EA (February 1997). "Pharmacological activity of Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) in laboratory animals". J Ethnopharmacol 55 (3): 223–9. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01506-1. PMID 9080343.
16. ^ Haskell CF, Kennedy DO, Wesnes KA, Milne AL, Scholey AB (January 2007). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose evaluation of the acute behavioral effects of guaraná in humans". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) 21 (1): 65–70. doi:10.1177/0269881106063815. PMID 16533867.
17. ^ "Energy Drinks" (PDF). University of California, Davis. April 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
18. ^ Anderson T, Foght J (2001). "Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients". J Hum Nutr Diet 14 (3): 243–50. doi:10.1046/j.1365-277X.2001.00290.x. PMID 11424516.
19. ^ Sale C, Harris RC, Delves S, Corbett J (May 2006). "Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males". Int J Obes (Lond) 30 (5): 764–73. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803209. PMID 16418760.
20. ^ Bydlowski SP, D'Amico EA, Chamone DA (1991). "An aqueous extract of guaraná (Paullinia cupana) decreases platelet thromboxane synthesis". Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 24 (4): 421–4. ISSN 0100-879X. PMID 1823256.
21. ^ Nicolaou KC et al. (1979). "Synthesis and biological properties of pinane-thromboxane A2, a selective inhibitor of coronary artery constriction, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane formation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76 (6): 2566–70. doi:10.1073/pnas.76.6.2566. PMC 383648. PMID 288046. [source - retrieved from on 5/23/2013]
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to www.jw.org].
A picture of the red fruit and more detailed information can be found at,
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Re: Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the GUAVA, Psidium Guajava:
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)
One of my favorite fruits that God (YHWH) has so lovingly provided for the enjoyment of mankind is the tropical GUAVA, (Psidium Guajava). It produces a very sweet fruit of fine flavor and full of vitamin C. In many Spanish speaking countries they make a delightful paste out of it somewhat of the consistency of butter that can be put on sandwiches, crackers, etc. to impart a wonderful flavor.
The common guave, Psidium Guajava, is a native to the American tropics, and has become widely distributed throughout all the warm areas of the world. In fact, its seedlings now grow wild in many areas of the tropics including south Florida and Hawaii. The common guave is often called lemon guava, pear guava, apple guava, etc. There are a great number of varieties all with different flavors some of which are more agreeable to the taste than others. Some of the varieties have round fruit, and others have oblong, pear shaped, and other shapes of fruit.
Their flesh which you eat varies in shade from white to red, but in my opinion the red colored flesh taste the best and is the sweetest.
Many food products are made from the common guava besides the paste previously mentioned. Some of these products are nectars, juices, pies, cakes, soda pop, pastries, etc. All are quite tasteful and enjoyable.
There are several important named varieties such as the Strawberry Guava, P. Catteianum, or Cattley Guava which is one of my favorites. Of this species there are many varieties ranging in size from berry size to the size of an orange.
Some Guavas are more cold hardy than others, but the berry size variety of the Strawberry Guava makes a very nice house plant in the north in a 5 to 10 gallon pot. Of course during the cold whether it must be kept in a warm area of the house. It will grown well in most well-drained loams, much, or sandy soils which are supplied with enough moisture. They require more water for their growth than do citrus trees. They are quite tolerant of acidity and alkalinity, doing well in all the circumneutral soils and even tolerating a pH down to 4.5 or up to 8.2. At either of these extremes they need more nitrogen than usual.
Some of the recognized commercial cultivators in south Florida are: Red Indian, Ruby, Supreme, Miami Red, and Miami White. Much of the work on producing other desirable clones is being conducted by members of the Cuban community in Miami, and in Dade County.
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Re: Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees
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THE SCRIPTURE OF THE DAY AND THE RARE TROPICAL FRUIT TREE AND/OR VEGETABLE ARE BEING COMBINED WITH THE SCRIPTURE OF THE DAY BEING THE FIRST:
SCRIPTURE OF THE DAY [Saturday]
The apostles gathered around Jesus and reported to him all the things they had done and taught. And he said to them: “Come, you yourselves, privately into an isolated place and rest up a little.” For there were many coming and going, and they had no leisure time even to eat a meal. So they set off in the boat for an isolated place to be by themselves. Mark 6:30 – 32 [New World Translation Revised: NWTr]
Husbands also do well to note that Jesus always showed consideration for his disciples. He took into account their limitations and physical needs. When they were tired, for example, he went to an isolated spot so they could rest up a little. Wives too deserve thoughtful consideration. The Bible describes them as “a weaker vessel” to whom husbands are commanded to assign “honor.” Why? Because both husbands and wives share equally in “You husbands, in the same way, continue dwelling with them according to knowledge. Assign them honor as to a weaker vessel, the feminine one, since they are also heirs with you of the undeserved favor of life, in order for your prayers not to be hindered.” (1 Peter 3:7 [NWTr]) Husbands should remember that it is faithfulness, not whether a person is male or female, that makes one precious to God, per Psalm 101:6 “I will look to the faithful ones of the earth, So that they may dwell with me. The one walking in blamelessness will minister to me..” [NWTr]
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AND NOW THE RARE TROPICAL FRUIT TREE AND VEGETABLE:
Hi Everyone:
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the guavaberry, Myrciaria floribunda Berg. (syns. M. protracta Berg.; Eugenia floribunda West ex Willd.), is also called the rumberry, mirto or murta in Puerto Rico; guaveberry in St. Martin and St. Eustatius; guayabillo in Guatemala; coco-carette, merisier-cerise, or bois de basse batard in Guadeloupe and Martinique; cabo de chivo in El Salvador; escobillo in Nicaragua; mije or mije colorado in Cuba; mijo in the Dominican Republic; bois mulatre in Haiti; roode bosch guave, saitjaberan, or kakrioe hariraroe tataroe in Surinam. In Venezuela the names guayabito and guayabillo blanco are applied to the related species, M. caurensis Steyerm, as well as to some other plants.
Description
This is an attractive shrub or slender tree reaching 33 or even 50 ft (10-15 m) in height, with reddish-brown branchlets, downy when young, and flaking bark. The evergreen, opposite leaves are ovate, elliptical, or oblong-lanceolate, pointed at the apex; 1 to 3 3/16 in (2.5-8 cm) long, 1/3 to 1 3/16 in (0.8-3 cm) wide; glossy, slightly leathery, minutely dotted with oil glands. The flowers, borne in small axillary or lateral clusters, are white, silky-hairy with about 75 prominent white stamens. The fruit is round or oblate, 5/16 to 5/8 in (8-16 mm) in diameter; dark-red (nearly black) or yellow-orange; highly aromatic and of bittersweet, balsam-like flavor; with one globular seed. In Surinam, according to Pulle, there are sometimes deformed fruits, rounded, flattened, leathery, dehiscent, and to 3/4 in (2 cm) across.
Origin and Distribution
The rumberry occurs wild over a broad territory–Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico (including Vieques), the Virgin Islands, St. Martin, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad, southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador to northern Colombia; also Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana, and eastern Brazil. It has been occasionally cultivated in Bermuda, rarely elsewhere, but, throughout its natural range, when land is cleared for pastures, the tree is left standing for the sake of its fruits. The plant was introduced into the Philippines in the early 1900's and has been included in propagation experiments in Hawaii. There is a healthy fruiting specimen at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami.
Climate and Soil
In Puerto Rico, the rumberry grows naturally in dry and moist coastal forests from sea-level to an elevation of 700 ft (220 m). In Vieques and the Virgin Islands, it abounds in dry forests up to 1,000 ft (300 m). In South Florida it is growing well, but as a small tree, on oolitic limestone.
Food Uses
In Cuba, the fruits are relished out-of-hand and are made into jam, and the fermented juice is rated as "una bebida exquisita" (an exquisite beverage). People on the island of St. John use the preserved fruits in tarts. The local "guavaberry liqueur" is made from the fruits "with pure grain alcohol, rum, raw sugar and spices" and it is a special treat at Christmastime. In the past, a strong wine and a heavy liqueur were exported from St. Thomas to Denmark in "large quantities".
Other Uses
In Camaguey, Cuba, the rumberry is included among the nectar sources visited by honeybees.
(source - retrieved from on 1/12/2013)
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to www.jw.org].
Another (source - retrieved from on //2013) says, “The guavaberry or rumberry (Myrciaria floribunda or Eugenia Floribunda) is a fruit tree which grows in the Caribbean. The guavaberry, which should not be confused with the guava, is a close relative of Camu Camu.
Guavaberry trees or shrubs grow in a variety of shapes and sizes up to 60 feet high. They have red-brown branches and small pink and white flowers. The fruit, which are roughly half the size of cherries, are yellow-orange or dark-red with tanginess of a guava containing a small amount of translucent flesh surrounding a stone. Taste of the fruit has recognizable fair sweetness.
Guavaberry trees can be found growing wild in Central America, South America, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and on many islands in the Lesser Antilles. The guavaberry has also been introduced to Florida, Hawaii, Bermuda, and the Philippines.
Guavaberry Emporium, Sint Maarten
Guavaberry is used to make jams and drinks. Guavaberry liqueur, which is made from rum, is a common Christmas drink on many of the islands, particularly in Sint Maarten and the Virgin Islands. The colonists from Denmark and Holland found it could flavor rum by infusion similar to infused schnapps. In the Dominican Republic it is associated with the eastern town of San Pedro de Macoris which has a large population of Eastern Caribbean descent. Guavaberry is also used for medicinal purposes. (source - retrieved from on //2013)
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Re: Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees
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Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. is also commonly known as guácima, guácimo, tablote, majagua de toro tapaculo, cualote, cambá-acá, as well as many other names. It is a small to medium sized tree normally found in pastures and disturbed forests. This flowering plant from the Malvaceae family grows up to 30m in height and 30–40 cm in diameter. It is widely found in areas such as the Caribbean, South American, Central America and Mexico serving a number of uses that varies from its value in carpentry to its utility in medicine.
Names
* Bengali: nipaltunth
* English: bastard cedar, bay cedar, pigeon wood, West Indian elm
* French: Bois de Contents
* 1 Common Names
* 2 Description
o 2.1 Botany
o 2.2 Propagation
o 2.3 Pests
* 3 Distribution
* 4 Uses
o 4.1 Wood
o 4.2 Fodder/Food/Shelter
o 4.3 Medicinal
* 5 Gallery
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links
Common hêtre, Bois d'homme, Bois d'orme
* Portuguese: bois d'orme, embira, fruta-de-macaco, mutamba, orme d'Amérique, pojó
* Spanish: bacedar, cambá-acá, coco, contamal, cualote, guácima, Guácima cimaronna, Guácima de caballo, guácimo, guazuma, iumanasi, kamba aka guasa, majagua de toro, papayillo, tablote, tapaculo
* Tamil: rudrasam, tenbachai, thenmaram, tubakki
Description
Guazuma ulmifolia
Guazuma ulmifolia grows to 30 m in height and 30–40 cm in diameter and comes with a rounded crown. Leaves are distributed in an alternate pattern with 2 rows in assembled flatly. The leaves are ovate to lance-shaped, finely saw toothed margin, usually have a rough texture and are 6–13 cm in length and 2.5–6 cm in diameter. 3-5 main veins arise from the base (rounded or notched, unequal sided) of the leaf which has a darker green upper surface and a fairer green color underneath. They are virtually hairless and thin. The leaf stalks of this species are lean, approximately 6-12mm long, and are covered with small “star-shaped” hairs.
Guazuma Ulmifolia flowers.
The panicles (indeterminate flower clusters) are in a branched pattern around 2.5–5 cm in length and are found at the bottom of the leaves. The flowers come in many, are short stalked, small in size, have a brown-yellow color, five parted, 1 cm in length and have a small fragrance to them. The calyx contains are lobed (2-3), have hairs that are brown or light grey in color, as well as greenish. They have 5 petals with a yellow-like stamen, 15anthers per pistil, 5 stigmas (combined), ovary lighter green in color with hairs, and also contains a style. The fruit which have capsules that are round to elliptical in shape are 15-25mm in length. They have many seeds which are shaped like eggs and are 3mm in length, grey in color.
Propagation
The species itself flowers throughout the year, in particular from April to October. Guazuma ulmifolia can be cultivated by either directly planting seeds or cuttings of the plant, as well as root stumps and bare-root seedlings. Before planting the seeds they needs to be soaked in boiling water for 30 seconds and the water should be drained afterwards. 7–14 days after fresh seeds are planted, germination occurs (60-80% rate).When they reach a height of 30–40 cm which is usually about 15 weeks later they are then prepared for “outplanting.” When using root stumps as a means for propagation they are left to dwell in a nursery for a period of time until the stem of the diameter reached 1.5-2.5 cm, which is usually about 5–8 months.
Pests
The Guazuma ulmifolia falls prey most commonly to the defoliating insect Phelyypera distigma. It is also faced with other defoliators such as Arsenura armida and Epitragus sp. These defoliators very rarely cause problems, but has been witnessed: Aepytus sp, Automeris rubrescens, Hylesia lineata, Lirimiris truncata and Periphoba arcaei.
Distribution
Guazuma ulmifolia is normally found in the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America and Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. Places such as India have been cultivating them or more than 100 years. Indonesia has in recent times introduced the species into their territory.
* They are native to places such as: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands (US)
* They are considered exotic species to: India, Indonesia
Uses Guazuma ulmifolia (West Indian Elm)
Wood
The wood of the Guazuma ulmifolia is utilized for posts, interior carpentry, light construction, boxes, crates, shoe horns, tool handles and charcoal. The wood is found to be very unproblematic to work with. The sapwood has a color of brown (light) and the heartwood is pink to brown.
Fodder/Food/Shelter
Guazuma ulmifolia serves as a very vital source of fodder for livestock approaching the end of the dry season of the native array dry areas. It is the favored tree for fodder in Jamaica. The trees also serve to bestow shade in pastures. The immature fruits and leaves are given as food to horses and cattle. The fruits are also given to the hogs in Puerto Rico. The leaves and fruits are usually fed to the cattle throughout the arid season. The trees may also serve the purpose of being actual posts surrounding pastures. The seeds are edible raw or cooked
Medicinal
Clinical data supports a use of the seeds for weight loss purposes. It has also been found useful as a(n): Analeptic, Antibacterial, Antidote, Comocladia, Antiherpetic, Antiprostaglandin, Antiseptic, Antiviral, Aperitif, Astringent, Bronchodilator, CNS-Stimulant, Cytotoxic, Depurative, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emollient, Hemostat, Pectoral, Respirtory stimulant, Stomachic, Uterotonic. In traditional medicine it has also been used to treat Alopecia, Anorexia, Asthma, Bacteria, Bleeding, Bronchosis, Cancer, Childbirth, Cold, Cough, Dermatosis, Diarrhea, Dislocation, Dysentery, Elephantiasis, Fever, Flu, Gonorrhea, Heatstroke, Hemorrhoid, Hepatosis, Herpes, Infection, Leprosy, Malaria, Nephrosis, Parasite, Pneumonia, Proctosis, Prostatosis, Pulmonosis, Rash, Shigella, Sore, Sore Throat, Staphylococcus, Syphilis, Virus, Water Retention. It can be ingested in the form of the crushed seeds soaked within water. Animal studies have supported pharmacological activity of: Antimicrobial, anticancer, hair-loss, anti-inflammation, antiulcer, ACE inhibitor, antioxidant, antidiabet, anticholesterol, hypotensive (source - retrieved from on 3/18/2013)
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to www.jw.org].
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