Hi Everyone:
 
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the atemoya, Annona squamosa × A. cherimola, is a hybrid of the sugar apple and cherimoya, qq.v.  The tree closely resembles that of the cherimoya; is fast-growing; may reach 25 to 30 ft (7.5-9 m) and is short-bunked, the branches typically drooping and the lowest touching the ground. The leaves are deciduous, alternate, elliptical, leathery, less hairy than those of the cherimoya; and up to 6 in (15 cm) in length. The flowers are long-stalked, triangular, yellow, 2 3/8 in (6 cm) long and 1 1/2 to 2 in (4-5 cm) wide. The fruit is conical or heart-shaped, generally to 4 in (10 cm) long and to 3 3/4 in(9.5 cm) wide; some weighing as much as 5 lbs(2.25 kg); pale bluish-green or pea-green, and slightly yellowish between the areoles. The rind, 1/8 in (3 mm) thick, is composed of fused areoles more prominent and angular than those of the sugar apple, with tips that are rounded or slightly upturned; firm, pliable, and indehiscent. The fragrant flesh is snowy-white, of fine texture, almost solid, not conspicuously divided into segments, with fewer seeds than the sugar apple; sweet and subacid at the same time and resemblirig the cherimoya in flavor. The seeds are cylindrical, 3/4 in (2 cm) long and 5/16 in (8 mm) wide; so dark a brown as to appear black; hard and smooth. [source - retrieved from  http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/atemoya.html on  12/31/2012]
 
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to  www.jw.org].
 
An atemoya is normally heart-shaped or rounded, with pale-green, easily bruised, bumpy skin. Near the stem, the skin is bumpy as it is in the sugar-apple, but become smoother like the cherimoya on the bottom. The flesh is not segmented like that of the sugar-apple, bearing more similarity to that of the cherimoya. It is very juicy and smooth, tasting slightly sweet and a little tart, reminiscent of a piña colada. The taste also resembles vanilla from its sugar-apple parent.[1] Many inedible, toxic, black seeds are found throughout the flesh of the atemoya.[2] When ripe, the fruit can be scooped out of the shell and eaten chilled.[1]
 
Atemoya (Annona cherimola × squamosa) was developed by crossing cherimoya (A. cherimola) with sugar-apple (A. squamosa).  The first cross was made in 1908 by P.J. Wester, a horticulturist at the USDA’s Subtropical Laboratory in Miami.
The resulting fruits were of superior quality to the sugar-apple and were given the name "atemoya", a combination of ate, an old Mexican name for sugar-apple, and "moya" from cherimoya.
 
Subsequently, in 1917, Edward Simmons at Miami’s Plant Introduction Station successfully grew hybrids that survived a drop in temperature to 26.5°F, showing atemoya’s hardiness derived from one of its parents, the cherimoya.
The atemoya, like other Annona trees, bears protogynous, hermaphroditic flowers, and self-pollination is rare. Therefore, artificial, hand pollination almost always guarantees superior quality fruits. One variety, 'Geffner', produces well without hand pollination. Atemoyas are sometimes misshapen, underdeveloped on one side, as the result of inadequate pollination.
An atemoya flower, in its female stage, opens between 2:00 and 4:00 pm; between 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm on the following afternoon, the flower converts to its male stage.
References Cited Above:
 
1. ^ a b Clarke, Joan (1998). "Hawai’i". In Feierabend, Peter; Chassman, Gary; Danforth, Randi. Culinaria: The United States: A Culinary Discovery. Köln, Germany: Könemann. pp. 476. ISBN 3-8290-0259-9.
2. ^ Purdue New Crops Profile
[source - retrieved from  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atemoya on  12/31/2012]
 
This is one of my favorite fruits, but I rarely get to eat one.  Do not try to grow one from seed as they will NOT come true from seed.  And unless you have a great deal of spare time to hand pollinate, it is best not even to grow one commercially obtained.
 
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Your Friend in Christ Iris89
 
Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org! 

Hi Everyone:
 
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Bactris gasipaes (Peach palm, Pejebaye)
 
The Peach palm has attracted much attention in the last decade because of the texture and composition of the fruit mesocarp which is usually similar to that of a starchy cereal or root crop. It is consequently an important backyard tree in much of tropical Latin America and is used as a dietary staple by some Amerindian tribes (FAO 1986, Clement and Arkcoll 1989). The small crown and very high yield of some trees have suggested that it could be a useful plantation crop capable of producing large amounts of basic food in the wet tropics. We have been studying this potential as an important part of attempts to create ecologically attractive "food forests" to produce food from a permanent perennial system (Arkcoll 1978, 1979, 1984). Some introductions are very rich in oil (62% of mesocarp dry matter) suggesting that selecting for this character would be an interesting alternative because of the local and world markets for oil and protein rich meals (Arkcoll and Aguiar 1984). Most fruit have a bland taste that is not exotic enough to export, however some with a sweetish flavor may have more potential as a table fruit and at least expand local markets. The crop has only been grown on a large commercial scale for palmhearts in Costa Rica where over 2000 ha have been planted. The viability of this venture has been dependent on Government subsidy as it is difficult for plantations to compete with raw material coming from wild Euterpe edulis in Brazil. It is especially interesting as a source of palmhearts because it tillers and grows extremely fast (Gomes and Arkcoll 1987). Unfortunately, this vegetative vigor is proving to be a problem in fruit production as the fruit are produced too high above the ground to harvest after a few years. Precocity has been observed and there are signs of different growth rates suggesting that researchers might locate dwarf phenotypes. Managing tillers as in banana plantations, is also being considered. While individual stem yields of over 80 kg/yr. have been recorded, plantation yields have been frustrated by uneven bearing and tremendous fruit drop caused by poor pollination, drought, nutrient deficiencies, and principally pests and diseases. It is hoped that these problems can be controlled the crop is better understood. The successful selection and combination of desired characteristics could make this crop as important as the coconut in the wet tropics.  (source - retrieved from  http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-367.html   on  3/29/2013)
 
Bactris gasipaes is well known by local people where it grows and has been used for centuries as food. The book Costa Rica Precolombina by Luis Ferrero Acosta (Editorial Costa Rica, 2000) mentions that the Spanish explorers found a pejibaye plantation of 30,000 trees on the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, and that its fermented fruit was a major part of the indigenous diet, replacing corn as was common further north. The fruit is frequently stewed in salted water. It is then peeled before eating, and split to remove the seed. The texture both raw and cooked is similar to a firm sweet potato, with no sweetness. Some have compared the taste to hominy made from corn, or a very dry squash. A favorite dish in some areas is simply the fruit halves with the seed depression filled with mayonnaise. It may be eaten raw after being peeled and flavored with salt and sometimes honey. However, raw pejibaye contains acid crystals that are irritant and raw pejibaye has been proven to be inferior to cooked in trials raising chickens in Costa Rica. Raw pejibaye spoils relatively quickly once opened or damaged, yet can be kept for long periods as a dried meal. It can also be used to make compotes and jellies or to make flour and edible oil.
 
This plant may also be harvested for heart of palm, and has commercial advantages in being fast growing; the first harvest can be from 18 to 24 months after planting. In Brazil, it is a viable solution for the heart of palm cultivation industry because its agricultural characteristics are adequate for it to be beneficial to substitute it for other native palms such as species of Euterpe including Euterpe oleracea (known as açaí) and Euterpe edulis (known as juçara), that have been extensively exploited and are protected as endangered species. The Brazilian domestic market for heart of palm is about five times bigger than the external one; however, there is an increasing demand for this product internationally as it is increasingly used in international cookery. In addition, the cultivation of Bactris gasipaes is also economically important for Costa Rica.
 
Composition
The composition of 100 grams of pulp: 164 calories, 2.5 g of protein, 28 mg of calcium, 31 mg of phosphorus, 3.3 mg of iron, 1,500 mmg of vitamin A, 0.06 mg of vitamin B1 and 34 mg of vitamin C. (source - retrieved from   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactris_gasipaes  on  3/29/2013)
 
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to  www.jw.org].
 
View pictures at,  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactris_gasipaes
 
 
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Your Friend in Christ Iris89
 
Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!
 
 
 
 

Hi Everyone:
 
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Anamu it is a herb that is indigenous to the Amazon rainforest and the tropical areas of the Caribbean, Central and South America and Africa. Its botanical name is Petiveria alliacea, but in Jamaica, it is known as guinea hen weed, guinea hen leaf, garlic weed or gully root.
 
Strictly speaking this plant is neither a fruit bearer or vegetable, but an important and rare medical herb being here covered due to its important medical potential.
 
But first a warning, do not use any parts of this plant nor capsules or medicine made from it without first obtaining approval from your Doctor, and having him/her supervise its use.  Also, the FDA has NOT approved any medicine made from it as yet.
 
Now, let’s look at the caveats and/or conditions that it should NEVER be used.
 
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
 
* Methanol extracts of anamu cause uterine contractions, which can lead to abortion. As such, anamu is contraindicated for pregnant women.
* Anamu contains a low concentration of coumarin, which has a blood thinning effect. People with blood disorders such as hemophilia and, people on blood-thinning medications should not use this plant without the supervision and advice of a qualified healthcare practitioner.
* This plant has been shown to have hypoglycemic effects in mice. People with hypoglycemia and diabetes should not use this plant unless they are under the care of a healthcare practitioner to monitor their blood sugar levels.
Drug Interactions: None published. However, due to anamu's natural coumarin content, it is conceivable that it may potentiate the effects of coumadin (Warfarin®). [source - retrieved from    http://www.rain-tree.com/anamu.htm#.UYV2XkqMw4g   on  5/4/2013]
 
DETAILS ON THE PLANT FROM VARIOUS SOURCES:
 
The Encyclopedia Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, says this of Anamu:
 
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Core eudicots
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Phytolaccaceae
Genus:
Petiveria
Species:
P. alliacea
Binomial name
Petiveria alliacea
L.[1]
Synonyms
Mapa graveolens
P. corrientina
P. foetida
P. graveolens
P. hexandria
P. paraguayensis
Petiveria alliacea is a species of flowering plant in the pokeweed family, Phytolaccaceae, that is native to Florida and the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in the United States,[2] Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and tropical South America.[1] Introduced populations occur in Benin and Nigeria.[3] It is a deeply rooted herbaceous perennial shrub growing up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and has small greenish piccate flowers. The roots and leaves have a strong acrid, garlic-like odor which taints the milk and meat of animals that graze on it.[4]
It is known by a wide number of common names including: guinea henweed, anamu in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Brazil (where it is also known as tipi), apacin in Guatemala, mucura in Peru, and guine in many other parts of Latin America, feuilles ave, herbe aux poules, petevere a odeur ail, and, in Trinidad, as mapurite (pronounced Ma-po-reete) and gully root,[5] and many others.
 
Uses
P. alliacea is used as a bat and insect repellent.[6]
 
Chemistry
Petiveria alliacea has been found to contain a large number of biologically active chemicals including benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, benzyl 2-hydroxyethyl trisulphide, coumarin, isoarborinol, isoarborinol acetate, isoarborinol cinnamate, isothiocyanates, polyphenols, senfol, tannins, and trithiolaniacine.[7]
 
The plant's roots have also been shown to contain cysteine sulfoxide derivatives that are analogous to, but different from, those found in such plants as garlic and onion. For example, P. alliacea contains S-phenylmethyl-L-cysteine sulfoxides (petiveriins A and B)[8] and S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteines (6-hydroxyethiins A and B). These compounds serve as the precursors of several thiosulfinates such as S-(2-hydroxyethyl) 2-hydroxyethane)thiosulfinate, S-(2-hydroxylethyl) phenylmethanethiosulfinate, S-benzyl 2-hydroxyethane)thiosulfinate and S-benzyl phenylmethanethiosulfinate (petivericin).[9] All four of these thiosulfinates have been found to exhibit antimicrobial activity.[10] Petiveriin also serves as percursor to phenylmethanethial S-oxide, a lachrymatory agent structurally similar to syn-propanethial-S-oxide from onion, [11][12] but whose formation requires novel cysteine sulfoxide lyase and lachrymatory factor synthase enzymes differing from those found in onion.[13][14][15]
 
References
1. ^ a b "Petiveria alliacea L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2008-07-28. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
2. ^ Mild, C (2004-06-26). "Smelly Weed Is Strong Medicine" (PDF). Rio Delta Wild. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
3. ^ Schmelzer, GH; Gurib-Fakim, A (2008). Medicinal Plants. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. pp. 412–415. ISBN 978-90-5782-204-9.
4. ^ Johnson, L. 1999. Anamu: Petiveria Alliacea. 14 pages (paperback). Woodland Publishing. ISBN 1-58054-038-4 (In Spanish).
5. ^ Mendes J. 1986. Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary, Arima, Trinidad, p. 95.
6. ^ http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/medicinal/anamu.html
7. ^ "Petiveria alliacea". Medicinal Plants for Livestock. Cornell University Department of Animal Science. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
8. ^ Kubec, R; Musah, RA (2001). "Cysteine sulfoxide derivatives in Petiveria alliacea". Phytochemistry 58: 981–985.
9. ^ Kubec, R; Kim, S; Musah, RA (2002). "S-Substituted cysteine derivatives and thiosulfinate formation in Petiveria alliacea--Part II". Phytochemistry 61: 675–680.
10. ^ Kim, S; Kubec, R; Musah, RA (2006). "Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 188–192.
11. ^ Kubec R, Kim S, Musah RA (2003). "The lachrymatory principle of Petiveria alliacea". Phytohemistry 63 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00759-8. PMID 12657295.
12. ^ Kubec R, Cody RB, Dane AJ, Musah RA, Schraml J, Vattekkatte A, Block E (2010). "Applications of DART Mass Spectrometry in Allium Chemistry. (Z)-Butanethial S-Oxide and 1-Butenyl Thiosulfinates and their S-(E)-1-Butenylcysteine S-Oxide Precursor from Allium siculum". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 (2): 1121–1128. doi:10.1021/jf903733e. PMID 20047275.
13. ^ Musah RA, He Q, Kubec R (2009). "Discovery and characterization of a novel lachrymatory factor synthase in Petiveria alliacea and its influence on alliinase-mediated formation of biologically active organosulfur compounds". Plant Physiology 151 (3): 1294–1303. doi:10.1104/pp.109.142539. PMID 19692535.
14. ^ Musah RA, He Q, Kubec R, Jadhav A (2009). "Studies of a novel cysteine sulfoxide lyase from Petiveria alliacea: the first heteromeric alliinase.". Plant Physiology 151 (3): 1304–1316. doi:10.1104/pp.109.142430. PMID 19789290.
15. ^ He Q, Kubec R, Jadhav AP, Musah RA (2011). "First insights into the mode of action of a "lachrymatory factor synthase"--implications for the mechanism of lachrymator formation in Petiveria alliacea, Allium cepa and Nectaroscordum species". Phytohemistry 72 (16): 1939–1946. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.07.013. PMID 21840558.  [source - retrieved from   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiveria_alliacea  on  5/4/2013]
 
ANAMU
HERBAL PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS
Main Actions
Other Actions
Standard Dosage
?  reduces pain
?  reduces spasms
Whole herb
?  kills bacteria
?  reduces anxiety
Infusion: 1/4 to 1/2 cup 2-3
?  kills cancer cells
?  reduces fever
times daily
?  kills fungi
?  lowers blood sugar
Capsules: 1-3 g daily
?  reduces inflammation
?  kills insects
 
?  kills leukemia cells
?  promotes menstruation
 
?  reduces free radicals
?  sedates
 
?  prevents tumors
?  increases perspiration
 
?  kills viruses
?  expels worms
 
?  kills Candida
 
 
?  increases urination
 
 
?  enhances immunity
 
 
 
 
Anamu is an herbaceous perennial that grows up to 1 m in height. It is indigenous to the Amazon rainforest and tropical areas of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Africa. It produces dark green leathery leaves that lie close to the ground and tall spikes lined with small white flowers that float airily above the leaves. It is sometimes called "garlic weed," as the plant, and especially the roots, have a strong garlic odor. It is called mucura in the Peruvian Amazon, anamu or tipi in Brazil, and guine in other parts of Latin America.
 
TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USES
In the Amazon rainforest, anamu is used as part of an herbal bath against witchcraft by the Indians and local jungle herbal healers called curanderos. The Ka'apor Indians call it mikur-ka'a (which means opossum herb) and use it for both medicine and magic. The Caribs in Guatemala crush the root and inhale it for sinusitis, and the Ese'Ejas Indians in the Peruvian Amazon prepare a leaf infusion for colds and flu. The Garifuna indigenous people in Nicaragua also employ a leaf infusion or decoction for colds, coughs, and aches and pains, as well as for magic rituals. The root is thought to be more powerful than the leaves. It is considered a pain reliever and is often used in the rainforest in topical remedies for the skin. Other indigenous Indian groups beat the leaves into a paste and use it externally for headache, rheumatic pain, and other types of pain. This same jungle remedy is also used as an insecticide.
Anamu has a long history in herbal medicine in all of the tropical countries where it grows. In Brazilian herbal medicine, it is considered an antispasmodic, diuretic, menstrual promoter, stimulant, and sweat promoter. Herbalists and natural health practitioners there use anamu for edema, arthritis, malaria, rheumatism, and poor memory, and as a topical analgesic and anti-inflammatory for skin afflictions. Throughout Central America, women use anamu to relieve birthing pains and facilitate easy childbirth as well as to induce abortions. In Guatemalan herbal medicine, the plant is called apacín and a leaf decoction is taken internally for digestive ailments and sluggish digestion, flatulence, and fever. A leaf decoction is also used externally as an analgesic for muscular pain and for skin diseases. Anamu is commonly used in big cities and towns in South and Central America as a natural remedy to treat colds, coughs, influenza, respiratory and pulmonary infections, and cancer, and to support the immune system. In Cuba, herbalists decoct the whole plant and use it to treat cancer and diabetes, and as an anti-inflammatory and abortive.
 
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH
 
The research published on anamu (and the plant chemicals described above) reveals that it has a broad range of therapeutic properties, including antileukemic, antitumorous, and anticancerous activities against several types of cancer cells. In an in vitro study by Italian researchers in 1990, water extracts and ethanol extracts of anamu retarded the growth of leukemia cells and several other strains of cancerous tumor cells. Three years later, the researchers followed up with another study, which showed that the same extracts had a cytotoxic effect, actually killing some of these cancer cells, rather than just retarding their growth. This study indicated that whole herb water extracts of anamu were toxic to leukemia and lymphoma cancer cells but only inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells. More recently, a study published in 2002 documented an in vitro toxic effect against a liver cancer cell line; another in vitro study in 2001 reported that anamu retarded the growth of brain cancer cells. A German study documenting anamu's activity against brain cancer cells related its actions to the sulfur compounds found in the plant.
 
In addition to its documented anticancerous properties, anamu has also been found in both in vivo and in vitro studies to be an immunostimulant. In a 1993 study with mice, a water extract stimulated immune cell production (lymphocytes and Interleukin II). In the same year, another study with mice demonstrated that an anamu extract increased natural killer cell activity by 100% and stimulated the production of even more types of immune cells (Interferon, Interleukin II, and Interleukin 4). Additional research from 1997 to 2001 further substantiated anamu's immunostimulant actions in humans and animals.
 
Anamu's traditional use as a remedy for arthritis and rheumatism has been validated by clinical research confirming its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties. One research group in Sweden reported that anamu possesses cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitory actions. COX-1 inhibitors are a new (and highly profitable) class of arthritis drugs being sold today by pharmaceutical companies. Another research group in Brazil documented significant anti-inflammatory effects in rats using various models, and researchers in 2002 noted a significant pain-relieving effect in rats. The pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects were even verified when an ethanol extract was applied topically in rats, again validating traditional use.
Many clinical reports and studies document that anamu shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against numerous strains of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and yeast. In a 2002 study, anamu extracts inhibited the replication of the bovine diarrhea virus; this is a test model for hepatitis C virus. A Cuban research group documented anamu's antimicrobial properties in vitro against numerous pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Shigella and, interestingly enough, their crude water extracts performed better than any of the alcohol extracts. A German group documented good activity against several bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, several strains of fungi, and Candida Anamu's antifungal properties were documented by one research group in 1991, and again by a separate research group in 2001. Its antimicrobial activity was further demonstrated by researchers from Guatemala and Austria who, in separate studies in 1998, confirmed its activity in vitro and in vivo studies against several strains of protozoa, bacteria, and fungi.
 
While anamu has not been used widely employed for diabetes, it has been clinically documented to have hypoglycemic actions. Researchers in 1990 demonstrated the in vivo hypoglycemic effect of anamu, showing that anamu decreased blood sugar levels by more than 60% one hour after administration to mice. This finding reflects herbal medicine practice in Cuba where anamu has been used as an herbal aid for diabetes for many years.
 
Then, just two years later, a U.S. company changed this natural plant chemical in anamu slightly and patented it in 2009 as a new chemotherapy drug for cancer. They've called this new drug fluorapacin and applied for Phase I Human Clinical trials in 2010 in China. Did they skip that step of testing their drug in animals first? Maybe they just didn't want to waste the time to have their animal studies published in all the normal peer reviewed medical journals ( a few animal tests were referred to in their patents). That's what I call "fast-tracking" in cancer drug development! It doesn't look as if this clinical trial on fluorapacin has been approved yet so maybe they are doing those animals studies first. They did publish one preliminary study on the in vitro testing among various cell lines with their new drug in 2009. In the meantime, anamu still continues to be a great natural remedy for cancer as it has been for many years.
 
Previously in the book, I also reviewed anamu's documented immunostimulant actions. In a critical review published in 2007 on dibenzyl trisulphide, West Indian researchers describe this action to be more of a immune modulation action rather than a stimulatory action. They explained: "Dibenzyl trisulphide seems to have a cytokine switching mechanism in which it down regulates cytokines from the Type I helper cells (Th -1 cell) pathway which contained several pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulates those on the Type 2 helper cells (Th-2) pathway." Basically this means it increases the actions of the immune cells which are responsible for tracking down and removing foreign cells like bacteria and cancer, but its' previously documented anti-inflammatory action might be from suppressing other anti-inflammatory immune cells which cause inflammation. Another research group in Colombia did a preliminary in vitro test and reported that a water extract of anamu evidenced immune modulation activity in 2012 but didn't specifically attribute that to any one chemical, despite this earlier research on dibenzyl trisulphide.
 
Years ago, research pretty much confirmed that antileukemic plants were almost always antiviral (but never could prove leukemia was caused by a virus). The same could be true with anti-inflammatory plants and cancerous tumors. In my opinion, anamu would be a perfect candidate for this type of research since it meets this inflammation criteria and it has a direct toxic actions to tumor cells to boot! One of the West Indian researchers publishing prior studies on anamu or dibenzyl trisulfide's actions on the immune system and thymus (Willams, L., et al.) published an editorial article in 2010 stating his belief that dibenzyl trisulfide provided anti-aging, immune enhancement, and antioxidant actions. He said this chemical: "may be capable of delaying the onset of ageing (degenerative) diseases such as osteoarthritis and some forms of cancer."
Recent research also confirms that anamu is a very good example of a medicinal plant which can have very different actions depending on what part of the plant is used and why consumers should be aware of which part of the plant is being marketed and sold. Brazilian university researchers reported that they have re-confirmed anamu's stimulant action on locomotor activity and also reported that a alcohol extract of the whole plant demonstrated anti-depressant, memory improvement, anti-anxiety and antioxidant actions in their study with rats in 2012. Other university researchers in Brazil had previously reported in 2010 that anamu had an effect on anxiety in their studies with mice as well. Interestingly, they reported in that an extract of the fresh whole plant evidenced anti-anxiety actions, but an extract of just the aerial parts increased anxiety, and a root extract had no activity at all. They noted that the flavonoid content of the three extracts varied widely, but couldn't attribute the effects on anxiety to this group of active chemicals. Previously in 2008, research conducted by yet a third Brazilian university reported that the root of anamu decreased locomotor activity (had a sedative effect) with direct actions in the central nervous system by demonstrating significant depressant and anticonvulsant actions.
 
The National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development in Nigeria began a screening program in 2011 to study the local herbal remedies for sickle cell anemia (a prevalent disease in that country). Anamu was reported to be one of the first three medicinal plants identified with anti-sickling actions in their study published in 2012. In another screening program, German researchers screening plants traditionally used for wound healing in 2009 reported anamu turned out to be one of three of the most active plants they tested. Scientists in Mexico reported that anamu might be an excellent agent for killing ticks on cattle. A methanol extract of the leaf and stem of anamu was shown to have 100% mortality against ticks in their research published in 2010. In 2008, Japanese researchers discovered a new chemical derivative in anamu and reported it to possess antioxidant actions. University researchers in the U.S. reported anamu's antimicrobial actions in 2006 and reported that the chemical dibenzyl trisulfide and other benzyl-containing chemicals in the plant had the strongest actions against the largest number of bacteria and fungi. The Brazilian researchers who had previously reported anamu's pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory action in 2002 published another study in 2005 reporting that a anamu root extract had pain-relieving actions as well.
 
Other researchers in the West Indies tested dibenzyl trisulfide extracted from anamu in vitro in human blood. They reported in 2010 that this chemical (at much higher dosages than would be obtained from using anamu at traditional dosages), resulted in increased elasticity, relaxation time and deformation of the erythrocytes in the blood. However, acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies were conducted on anamu leaves by researchers in Costa Rica in 2006. They reported no mortality nor any toxicity signs could be observed even at very high dosages.
Whew! That's a lot of research in just 7 years on a previously little-known Amazonian medicinal plant! See the cited research below. No wonder the U.S. sales of anamu have been increasing over the last five years and word is traveling about this wonderful sustainable rainforest plant.
 
CURRENT PRACTICAL USES
 
With the many documented properties and actions of this tropical plant, it is no wonder that anamu has enjoyed such a long history of use in herbal medicine. Continuing research on this plant's attributes is quantifying and qualifying the richness of indigenous herbal traditions. Today, in South America, anamu is being used for its immune stimulant and anticancerous properties as a support aid for cancer and leukemia patients. This use is catching on here in the United States, and anamu is now available in capsules and tablets under several labels. It is also being employed in various formulas for its antimicrobial actions against bacteria, viruses, yeast, and fungi, as well as in other formulas supporting immune function.
 
In the first published study on toxicity in 1992, researchers noted that, at high dosages, anamu extract delayed cell proliferation in vitro. When they tested the extract in mice, they noted that it caused a change in bone marrow cells; however, they were using 100 to 400 times the traditional dosage given to humans. In two independent studies published later by other researchers, oral doses of leaf and root extracts did not cause any toxicity in rats and mice at up to 5 grams per kilogram of body weight. Methanol extracts of the plant did, however, cause uterine contractions in an early study; such contractions can lead to abortion, one of anamu's well documented uses in traditional herbal medicine.  [source - retrieved from    http://www.rain-tree.com/anamu.htm#.UYV2XkqMw4g   on  5/4/2013]
 
Anamu has a long history in herbal medicine in all the countries where it grows. Herbalists and natural-health practitioners have traditionally used anamu for a wide variety of conditions, including arthritis, digestive disorders, infections, diabetes, cancer, for pain relief, and to induce abortion.
Over the past quarter of a century, however, modern scientific research has studied anamu intensively. Many biologically active compounds have been discovered in anamu: flavanoids, triterpenes, steroids, and sulphur compounds. The research published on anamu now validates many of the historical uses of this herb.
 
Interestingly, the researchers found that of the 20 compounds isolated from the plant - several of which had never been identified in nature before - some were similar to compounds found in garlic, a plant known to have medicinal properties.
 
CANCER INHIBITOR
 
Laboratory investigations show that anamu retards the growth of several strains of cancer and leukaemia cells. In a plant-screening programme performed at the University of Illinois at Chicago, over 1,400 plant extracts were evaluated for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Anamu was one of only 34 plants identified with active properties against cancer.
 
How does anamu work against cancer? Several phytochemicals in anamu like astilbin and dibenzyl trisulphide have been documented to directly kill cancer cells. Research showed further that the compounds in anamu were able to differentiate between normal cells and cancer cells, killing only the cancerous cells. In addition, other substances in the herb stimulate the body's natural defences as described below.
 
BOOSTS IMMUNE SYSTEM
 
Anamu has also been verified to have immunostimulant properties. It stimulates the immune system to increase its production of lymphocytes and natural killer cells - powerful disease-destroying cells. At the same time, it increases the production of interferon and interleukins - chemicals used by the immune systemin fighting cancers and infections.
 
FIGHTS INFECTIONS
 
It demonstrates broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against numerous bacteria, viruses, fungi and yeast. Compounds in anamu directly kill and/or inhibit the growth of these germs. Interestingly, man medicine practitioners believe that infection plays a major role in many cancers. Anamu is widely used in folk medicine for treating infections.
 
PAIN RELIEVER
 
Its traditional use as a remedy for arthritis and rheumatism has been validated by clinical research that confirms its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effect. Researchers in Sweden demonstrated its COX-1 inhibitory properties (cyclo-oxogenase-1 inhibitors are a new class of popular and profitable arthritis drugs). Anamu extracts have been found to relieve pain and inflammation even when applied topically to the skin.
 
LOWERS BLOOD SUGAR
 
While anamu had not been widely researched for diabetes, it has been documented to lower blood-sugar levels by more than 60 per cent in laboratory animals. This reflects herbal medical practice in Cuba where anamu has been used as an aid for diabetes for many years.
 
CONTRA-INDICATIONS
 
Anamu has been found to cause contractions of the uterus that can lead to abortion and miscarriage. As such, it should not be used by pregnant women.
Anamu contains a low concentration of a blood thinner called coumadin. People with any bleeding disorder like haemophilia or who are on blood-thinning medication should consult their health-care provider before using anamu.
 
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
 
I recommend using organically grown anamu herb, free of insecticides, herbicides and other pollution.
 
One heaping tablespoonful of the whole powdered anamu plant is diffused in one litre of hot water. The resulting tea is drunk preferably on an empty stomach. An average dosage is four ounces (about half a cup) twice daily.
 
MY EXPERIENCE
 
I was introduced to anamu by a Jamaicanoncologist (a cancer specialist) who had seen good results in some of her patients with the use of this herb. I thank her for her generous spirit. I had also heard impressive stories from Jamaican men with prostate cancer who had benefited from its use.
 
After doing my own research, I now use it regularly in my practice and find it to be a useful, safe, inexpensive addition to a cancer treatment programme as well as in the treatment of the other conditions listed above.
 
REMINDER & WARNING
 
Many persons are desperately looking for a quick fix: a magic bullet that will miraculously cure their illness. The reality is that there is no quick fix. Like so many useful herbs, anamu will give optimal results when combined with optimal nutrition, nutritional supplements, exercise, detoxification, stress management and adequate restful sleep. It must be a part of a programme of healthy lifestyles. It may also be used along with conventional medicines. If you have a serious medical condition, do not self-medicate without the assistance and guidance of a qualified health practitioner.
 
Email Dr. Tony Vendryes at vendryes@mac.com, log on to www.anounceofprevention.org, or listen to 'An Ounce of Prevention' on Power 106FM on Fridays and Saturdays at 8:00 p.m.  [source - retrieved from  http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070813/news/news7.html     on  5/4/2013]
 
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to  www.jw.org].
 
Now to know the truth, go to:
 
1) http://religioustruths.forumsland.com/
 
2) http://www.network54.com/Forum/403209/
 
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4) http://religioustruths.boardhost.com/
 
5) http://religious-truths.forums.com/
 
6) http://religioustruthsbyiris.createmybb3.com/
 
7) http://religioustruths.forumotion.com/
 
 
Your Friend in Christ Iris89
 
Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!
 
 
 
 
 

Hi Everyone:
 
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the strawberry tree, Arbutus unedo, is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the family Ericaceae, native to the Mediterranean region and western Europe north to western France and Ireland. Due to its presence in South West Ireland, it is known as either "Irish strawberry tree" or "Killarney strawberry tree".
 
Taxonomy
Arbutus unedo was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in Volume One of his landmark 1753 work Species Plantarum, giving it the name it still bears today.[1]
 
A study published in 2001 which analyzed ribosomal DNA from Arbutus and related genera found Arbutus to be paraphyletic, and A. unedo to be closely related to the other Mediterranean Basin species such as A. andrachne and A. canariensis and not to the western North American members of the genus.[2]
 
Arbutus unedo and A. andrachne hybridise naturally where their ranges overlap; the hybrid has been named Arbutus × andrachnoides (syn. A. × hybrida, or A. andrachne × unedo), inheriting traits of both parent species, though fruits are not usually borne freely, and as a hybrid is unlikely to breed true from seed.
 
Description
Arbutus unedo grows to 5–10 m tall, rarely up to 15 m, with a trunk diameter of up to 80 cm. Zone: 7–10
 
The leaves are dark green and glossy, 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) broad, with a serrated margin.
 
The hermaphrodite flowers are white (rarely pale pink), bell-shaped, 4–6 mm diameter, produced panicles of 10–30 together in autumn. They are pollinated by bees.
 
The fruit is a red berry, 1–2 cm diameter, with a rough surface, maturing 12 months at the same time as the next flowering. The fruit is edible, though many people find it bland and meally; the name 'unedo' is explained by Pliny the Elder as being derived from unum edo "I eat one",[3] which may seem an apt response to the flavour.
 
Distribution
Arbutus unedo is widespread in the Mediterranean region: in Portugal, Spain and southeastern France; southward in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, and eastward in Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Syria. It is also found in western France, Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and southwestern Ireland.[4]
 
Its disjunct distribution, with an isolated relict population in southwestern Ireland, notably in Killarney, is a remnant of former broader distribution during the milder climate of the Atlantic period, the warmest and moistest Blytt-Sernander period, when the climate was generally warmer than today. The red-flowered variant, named A. unedo rubra by William Aiton in 1785, was discovered growing wild in Ireland in 1835.
 
Uses
Arbutus unedo serves as a bee plant for honey production, and the fruits are food for birds. The fruits are also used to make jams, beverages, and liqueurs (such as the Portuguese medronho, a type of strong brandy).
 
In folk medicine, the plant has been used for antiseptic, astringent, intoxicant, rheumatism, and tonic purposes.[5]
 
Cultivation
Arbutus unedo is cultivated as an ornamental plant by plant nurseries. It is used as a single or muti-trunked ornamental tree, and as a specimen or hedge shrub in gardens and public landscapes. When grown as a tree rather than a shrub, basal sprouts are kept pruned off. The plant prefers well-drained soils, and low to moderate soil moisture.
 
Unlike most of the Ericaceae, A. unedo grows well in basic (limy) pH soils. In cold climates it prefers a sheltered position due to its late flowering habit.
Arbutus unedo is naturally adapted to dry summer climates. It is therefore useful for planting in regions with Mediterranean climates, and has become a very popular ornamental plant in California and the rest of the west coast of North America. It is hardy in USDA Hardiness Zones 8 to 10.
 
It also grows well in the cool, wet summers of western Ireland and England, and temperate regions of Europe and Asia. Pests include scales and thrips, and diseases include anthracnose, Phytophthora, root rot, and rust.
 
Arbutus unedo: habit
Its Mediterranean habitat, elegant details of leaf and habit and dramatic show of fruit with flowers made Arbutus unedo notable in Classical Antiquity, when Pliny thought it should not be planted where bees are kept, for the bitterness it imparts to honey.
 
The first signs of its importation into northern European gardens was to 16th-century England from Ireland. In 1586 a correspondent in Ireland sent plants to the Elizabethan courtiers Lord Leicester and Sir Francis Walsingham.[6] An earlier description by Rev. William Turner (The Names of Herbes, 1548) was probably based on hearsay. The Irish association of Arbutus in English gardens is reflected in the inventory taken in 1649 of Henrietta Maria's Wimbledon: "one very fayre tree, called the Irish arbutis standing in the midle parte of the sayd kitchin garden, very lovely to look upon"[6] By the 18th century Arbutus unedo was well known enough in English gardens for Batty Langley to make the bold and impractical suggestion that it might be used for hedges, though it "will not admit of being clipped as other evergreens are."[6]
 
In the United States, Thomas Jefferson lists the plant in his Monticello gardens in 1778.[7]
 
A. unedo,[8] together with the form A. unedo f. rubra[9] and the hybrid A. × andrachnoides,[10] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
 
Arbutus unedo in Partenit, Crimea
In the UK the gardens at Dunster Castle include the National Plant Collection of Strawberry Trees—A. unedo. During the early 1980s the steep banks on the south side of the castle were planted with over four hundred specimens. With the nine cultivars that were acquired at a later date, this constitutes the "National Arbutus Collection".[11]
Symbolic uses
 
 
Central panel of The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymus Bosch, which was first described by José de Sigüenza as "The Picture of the Strawberry Tree".
The Garden of Earthly Delights, a painting by Hieronymus Bosch, was originally listed by José de Sigüenza, in the inventory of the Spanish Crown as La Pintura del Madroño – "The Painting of the Strawberry Tree".[12]
 
The tree makes up part of the Coat of arms of Madrid (El oso y el madroño, The Bear and the Strawberry Tree) of the city of Madrid, Spain. In the center of the city (Puerta del Sol) there is a statue of a bear eating the fruit of the Madroño tree. The image appears on city crests, taxi cabs, man-hole covers, and other city infrastructure. The fruit of the Madroño tree ferments on the tree if left to ripen, so some of the bears become drunk from eating the fruits.[citation needed]
 
 
A bear and a madroño (strawberry tree) are the symbol of Madrid.
The tree is mentioned by Roman poet Ovid, in Book I: 89–112 "The Golden Age" of his Metamorphoses:
 
Contented with food that grew without cultivation, they collected mountain strawberries and the fruit of the strawberry tree, wild cherries, blackberries clinging to the tough brambles, and acorns fallen from Jupiter’s spreading oak-tree.[13]“
 
Metamorphoses, (AD 8)
The poet Giovanni Pascoli dedicated to the strawberry tree a poem. In that he refers to the Aeneid passage which Pallas in, killed by Turnus, was posed on branches of strawberry tree; the poet saw the colours of that plant a prefiguration of the flag of Italy and considered Pallas the first national cause martyr.[14] Pascoli's ode says:
 
(Italian)
O verde albero italico, il tuo maggio
è nella bruma: s'anche tutto muora,
tu il giovanile gonfalon selvaggio
spieghi alla bora
 
(English)
Oh green Italian tree, your May month
is in the mist: if everything die,
you, the youthful wild banner
unfold to the northern wind
And actually in the Italian Risorgimento the strawberry tree, because of its autumnal colours, the same colours of the Italian flag, at the same time red for fruits and white for flowers, beyond the green colour of leaves, was considered, indeed, a symbol of the flag.[15]
 
See also
* Arbutus unedo hybrids
Notes
1. ^ (Latin) Linnaeus, Carl (1753). [[Species Plantarum]]. Tomus I. Holmiae (Stockholm), Sweden: Laurentii Salvii. p. 395. "caule erecto, foliis glabris serratis, baccis polyspermis" Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
2. ^ Hileman, Lena C.; Vasey, Michael C.; Parker, V.Thomas (2001). "Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Arbutoideae (Ericaceae): Implications for the Madrean-Tethyan Hypothesis". Systematic Botany 26 (1): 131–143. JSTOR 2666660.
3. ^ Natural History 15.28.99
4. ^ Arbutus unedo information from NPGS/GRIN . accessed 12.22.2012
5. ^ Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases: Ethnobotanical uses of Arbutus unedo . accessed 12.22.2012
6. ^ a b c Quoted in Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Arbutus".
7. ^ Ann Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: 'For Use or Delight' , 1976:395.
8. ^ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=158
9. ^ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=159
10. ^ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=160
11. ^ "Dunster Castle Gardens" at ngs.org.uk
12. ^ Warner, Marion. Fantastic metamorphoses, other worlds: ways of telling the self. Oxford University Press, 2002. 70.
13. ^ "The Metamorphoses, Book I, translated by A. S. Kline © 2000 All Rights Reserved". Poetryintranslation.com. Retrieved 2012-08-27.
14. ^ Giovanni Pascoli, in the autograph note to his poem "Il corbezzolo" ("The strawberry tree"), compared the virgilian, deposed after death on branches of strawberry tree, to the Italian martyrs wrapped up, during the burial ceremonies, in the Italian flag.
15. ^ (Italian) various authors - Guida pratica agli alberi e arbusti in Italia; Biblioteca per chi ama la natura - Selezione dal Reader's Digest Milano 1983, 1991. [source - retrieved from  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutus_unedo  on  5/6/2013]
 
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to  www.jw.org].
 
To view this plant and its fruits, go to,  http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?_adv_prop=image&fr=chr-greentree_ff&va=arbutus+unedo
 
 
Now to know the truth, go to:
 
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2) http://www.network54.com/Forum/403209/
 
3) http://religioustruths.lefora.com/
 
4) http://religioustruths.boardhost.com/
 
5) http://religious-truths.forums.com/
 
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7) http://religioustruths.forumotion.com/
 
 
Your Friend in Christ Iris89
 
Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!
 

Hi Everyone:
 
Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Baobab; Lemonade Tree; Monkeybread Tree ( Adonis digitata )
 
Only the most serious of tree collectors have these unusual trees. The huge trunk of this tree can reach 30' in diameter. Has large 6" hibiscus like flowers and foot long fruits filled with refreshing lemon flavored pulp. The leaves can be eaten like spinach. The trunks store considerable water, as much as 1,000 gallons have been tapped from one. However, if you do not have a half acre to plant one on, they make great bonsai.  (source - retrieved from   http://www.seedman.com/tropic.htm  on  4/4/2013)
 
Family: Bombacaceae (Malvaceae) the bombax or baobab Family
 
Scientific name:  Adansonia digitata L.
Habitat:   It is native to much of Africa and the most widespread of the Adansonia species, but restricted to suitable habitats that comprises hot, dry woodland on stoney, well drained soils, in frost-free areas that receive low rainfall. It ranges from the dry sub-Saharan scrub to the grassy savannas/ woodland of South Africa.
 
It is also widely grown as a street and park tree in the tropics of both hemispheres.
 
Ecology: Bats primarily pollinate the large white flowers with their ruffled petals at night, although many different insects and other creatures such as birds will visit the sweetly scented flowers.
Conservation status: Not threatened
 
Common Names include: baobab, dead-rat tree, bottle tree, monkey-bread tree baobab, Cream of Tartar tree, monkey-bread tree, lemonade tree (Eng.);
Etymology: Adansonia: Named after a French surgeon Michel Adanson (1727-1806). digitata: hand-shaped, referring to the shape of the leaves.
(source - retrieved from  http://www.cactus-art.biz/schede/ADANSONIA/Adansonia_digitata/Adansonia_digitata/Adansonia_digitata.htm   on  4/4/2013)
 
 
 
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to  www.jw.org].
 
View more details, pictures of the plant, etc., at,  http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/adansonia_digitata.htm
 
Now to know the truth, go to:
 
1) http://religioustruths.forumsland.com/
 
2) http://www.network54.com/Forum/403209/
 
3) http://religioustruths.lefora.com/
 
4) http://religioustruths.boardhost.com/
 
5) http://religious-truths.forums.com/
 
6) http://religioustruthsbyiris.createmybb3.com/
 
7) http://religioustruths.forumotion.com/
 
 
Your Friend in Christ Iris89
 
Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!